The Natural Feminine in Romanticism: A Commentary Essay -- Gender F

After Bethany and Sarah's introduction, Nature as Woman, I was intrigued and confounded - as were they, I think - by the variety of negating perspectives on nature as it identifies with sex. As indicated by prevailing perspectives on Romanticism, access to nature required an unmistakably female point of view. Incomprehensibly, this female point of view, entitled ycleped 'reasonableness' was to be taken used most successfully by men, yet it laid on 'ladylike' feeling [as] †¦ a progressively unadulterated reaction to nature (Fay 5). As per G.J. Barker-Benfield's The Culture of Sensibility the sentimentalizing procedure included the restraint of a specific 'masculinity' that is tasteless and savage (288) except if directed by a female impact, along these lines lady was to utilize the alleged 'regular' endowments of her sex to loan culture to her progressively powerful and virile partner. On first look, this control of 'masculine' attributes seems to loan authenticity to 'female' st andards; notwithstanding, this clear freedom of the ladylike lights up two intense issues. To begin with, as Barker-Benfield calls attention to, 'ladylike' beliefs are advantaged, yet just as they serve to enhance man; lady isn't romanticized in her own right. In this administration of a manly reason lady was to be 'formed' by men as opposed to without anyone else (288). Second, the apparently legitimisation of 'female' goals can seem dynamic at the same time, thus, eventually serves to verify a thought of 'normal gentility that is, in the assessment of numerous a women's activist, an abusive male centric social build that comes up short on any genuine natural referent. In this manner it is extremely fitting, - however not in any way shape or form unobtrusive - that this fake thought of gentility ought to be legitimately applied to Nature herself. In the event that, as Betha... ...continually endeavoring and neglecting to cement and naturalize its sex presumptions. At long last, sexual orientation and male centric society itself are demonstrated shaky and in a general sense jumpy. Works Cited Bethany and Sarah. Nature Being Represented as Woman. Romantic Travelers. 10 Feb. 2005. David S. Miall. 18 Feb. 2005. http://www.ualberta.ca/~dmiall/Travel/index.htm Fay, Elizabeth A. A Feminist Introduction to Romanticism. Malden: Blackwell, 1998. Privett, Anne. Appropriating Nature: Gilpin, the beautiful and Landscape Gardenting. Appropriating Nature: A Presentation for English 409. 10 Feb. 2005. Khaghan Parker, Anne Privett and Luke Ingberg. 18 Feb, 2005 2006. http://members.shaw.ca/weaters/index.htm Mulvey, Laura. Visual Pleasure in Narrative Cinema. Literary Theory: An Anthology. Ed. Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan. Malden and Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.

Welcome Introduction Free Essays

Welcome/undergarment Thanks My name is Saw. I’m one of the understudies here. I think I don’t truly resemble an understudy. We will compose a custom exposition test on Welcome Introduction or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Be that as it may, I am one. I might want to invite you here at the beginning of today. Furthermore, I might want to state â€Å"Thank very much† for coming. We know every one of you are exceptionally occupied, so we truly welcome you setting aside a few minutes for us. I thank the entirety of my schoolmates too in light of the fact that they allowed me to give the simple discourse, I think, † Welcome Introduction†. I anticipated that it should be simple yet actually it isn't. I rehearsed a great deal to give this discourse before you however the training didn’t work. I feel apprehensive. Be that as it may, I need to represent the full time, three minutes. To what extent has gone as of now? Time up? K, no issue! I have more to state. I truly like my school, Zee Cabin Maya. I think it is entirely appropriate for adolescents who are in the canal, Eke me. â€Å"why? Why? † I figure you might want to ask me ‘Why? † You realize that word Is not odd for us. Our educators use It a great deal in our group. Many, commonly she asks me. I’m sorry I get no opportunity to answer it now however my companions are holding back to address your inquiry. The significant thing is you have to listen cautiously. On the off chance that you don’t see the purpose of what they are discussing, you can lift your hand up and ask â€Å"Can you rehash that please†. K? K? No, No I’m kidding. You can hear a ton of addresses from all understudies. We got 21 understudies here, 21 talks about everything toward the beginning of today. I don’t know all what they going to converse with you. In the center we blend in with some pleasant melodies. And afterward we are going to take care of with exceptional nourishments for your morning meal, we requested from Hotel Zee Cabin. I’m Joking once more. K, Thank you everybody. I truly welcome you coming and praising our School opening function along with us. Much obliged to you The most effective method to refer to Welcome Introduction, Papers

Startup Finances How To Raise Small Business Loans And Grants

Startup Finances How To Raise Small Business Loans And Grants Deciding to set up a business is easy enough. You have the business idea, and you know how to implement it. The problem, however, is raising the money to get the ball rolling. There will probably be less of a problem if you already have enough money lying around to invest in your own business, but if you are strapped for cash, or your money is not enough to cover the whole startup process, you will definitely need help. Fortunately, there are ways for you to be able to raise the money you need for your startup business.In the past, entrepreneurs had only about a handful of options available to them in order to raise money that they will use to start their small business. Times have changed, however, and entrepreneurs of today are now presented with a lot more options. It is only a matter of choosing the best option for them. © Shutterstock.com | vladwelIn this article, we will talk about 1) the challenges faced by startups, 2) financing a startup with loans, and 3) how to raise money through small business loans, and 4)  how to raise money through small business loans, and 5)  how to raise money through grants.THE CHALLENGES FACED BY STARTUPSHere is a sad reality: more startups fail than those that succeed. The failure of companies to get their business running and last for more than a couple of years â€" or even one year â€" can be traced to several challenges or problems encountered.Poor planning of the business model: The failure of the business model will lead to the failure of the startup. While preparing the business model, some entrepreneurs become overly optimistic and presume that acquiring customers is very easy.Market and competition: It is possible that the business ends up realizing that there is very little or no market for their product or service. There is also the fact that market condi tions have a certain degree of volatility, so it is entirely possible that the business may have timed its entry into the market wrongly. Competition is also another problem faced by startups, especially if they are up against companies or names that have already been established.Poor management: Having a poor management team in place will cause the company to suffer. Synergy is very important, from the top of the management chain down to the lowest rungs. There should be balance in every level. It would not do the business any good if the middle management is weak at executing plans despite the fact that the top management is always coming up with good concepts and strategies. This could also swing the other way, because even if the lower management is excellent at getting plans into motion, if the strategies and programs developed at the top are less than satisfactory, then they will still be unable to get the results they want.Product problems: The product itself may be the probl em. Perhaps it has a mediocre design. Maybe it does not meet the need of the market, or it falls short of expectations.Lack of funding or poor finances: If a business runs out of cash or it does not have enough cash, to start with â€" then it is bound to fail. Keep in mind that, in order to make money, you have to invest money first. Startups should expect to be incurring huge amounts of money to cover costs of starting the business and getting the business operations underway.SMALL BUSINESS LOANSStartup companies have difficulties securing loans from banks, primarily because small business owners â€" especially those who are just starting out â€" are seen as inexperienced and bad credit risks. Still, with proper presentation and research, they will still be able to convince lenders to provide them the funding they need.Types of Small Business LoansThere are several types of loans for small business that can be availed of by startups.A.     Short-term loans.  These are loans that ar e payable in a period of less than one year. Normally, these loans are needed by startups to cover their working capital for the first year of operations. They may also need to take out a short-term loan for purposes of having lines of credit.  Some of the most common types of short-term loans include accounts receivable loans and working capital loans.B.     Long-term loans.  Unlike short-term loans, these loans have longer maturities, not going shorter than one year. Usually, the maximum period is seven years, although some may run longer, depending on the terms agreed upon by the creditor and the borrower. These types of loans are normally availed of in order to be used for major business decisions such as business expansion, purchase of real property and other major equipment and machinery, and other startup costs.Sources of Small Business LoansSmall business loans can be secured from traditional (banks and credit unions) and non-traditional sources.Banks and credit unions: Bank s are the most common sources of funding by small businesses, as long as the latter are able to present a sound business proposal. Traditional bank loans are generally stricter when it comes to small businesses, however. Startups usually shy away from obtaining loans from banks, since the latter are more likely to go after the business owners’ personal assets and other collateral secured by the loan in case of default in payment. Banks also often take a long time to evaluate applications, so startups that are pressed for time to secure funding will hesitate in approaching them for a loan.Credit unions: Another commonly used source of a small business loan, credit unions can also be approached by startups looking for financing.Personal loans: You may also get a start up business loan from friends and family. Generally, you may simple take their money as a loan if you will not sell them a share of the business. The former is actually the preferred option since many small business ow ners would prefer to have full control of their businesses, instead of being answerable to members of their family. Other notable P2P lending companies are Upstart, Prosper, Peerform, CircleBack Lending, SoFi, Pave, Funding Circle, BorrowersFirst, and Daric.SBA (Small Business Administration): The United States Small Business Administration is known to provide loans to already operating businesses, particularly the stable and established ones. However, they also extend loans to startups, acting as an intermediary between the small businesses in need of financing and the non-bank lenders. One reason why the SBA is preferred by many is its low-interest rate. Aside from a small business loan, startups may also avail of the 504 fixed asset small business finance program from the SBA.There are several programs that are specifically designed for startups:7(a) Loan Program: The most popular loan program of the SBA allows business owners to borrow as much as $750,000 from their local 7(a) l ender. These loans are usually used for working capital, and purchases of assets and leasehold improvements.504 Loan Program: This loan is specifically for asset purchases, so the money received will be used for the purchase of land or machinery and equipment.Microloan Program: Loans under this program are of a smaller amount, generally up to $35,000 only. On average, a borrower can get $10,000. In order to avail of this program, startups must submit their application for a loan through a local intermediary organization, often community-based.Nonprofit Lenders: Startups may also approach nonprofit lenders to obtain a microloan. There are now several known nonprofit lenders that are specifically geared towards providing microloans for startup businesses, and one of the more recognizable names is Accion. The maximum loan that small businesses can get is $50,000. They have tighter procedures, however, since they require that the borrower have a credit score of at least 525, has a good cash flow, and has not declared bankruptcy within the past 12 months.Peer-to-Peer Sites: Another possible source of small business loans is online lending through a peer-to-peer (P2P) site. One good example is the Lending Club, which claims to be “America’s #1 credit marketplace”, and allows users to borrow up to $300,000 at rates starting at 5.9%. This site simplified the process by making customers interested in a loan to complete an application form online. They will then check the applicant’s risk and credit rating and, from there, assign the appropriate interest rates. In turn, investors will select from the applications what loan they would like to invest their money in.An advantage offered by these P2P sites is the ease of application (no more lengthy loan application processes and submission of documents such as business plans and loan proposals) and the flexible terms, which are arrived at through the risk and credit assessment. The fixed rates are also significantl y lower than that imposed by banks and credit unions.STARTUP FINANCING: SMALL BUSINESS LOANS AND GRANTSHow to Raise Money through Small Business LoansWhen you decide that taking a small business loan is the way to go to obtain the funding you require for your startup, there are several things that you must do.Step 1: You must have the 4 C’s of lending, since they play an important role when lenders evaluate your loan application.Cash flow, or your ability to make repayments as they fall due;Collateral, or the value of assets you are willing to pledge to secure your loan;Commitment, or the amount of your personal money that you will put into your business, because lenders are not agreeable that the entire amount of startup funds will come from the loan; andCharacter, or, more specifically, your personal credit score and financial history.Step 2: Prepare a solid and sound business plan, and present it properly.This is the first thing that lenders â€" not just banks â€" will look at. The business plan should contain all the relevant information, such as market research, financial projections, operational plan, and various other aspects related to the business. Follow the rules on how to prepare a business plan properly, and make sure the supporting documents are complete and correctly attached.When presenting the business plan, remember that you have to make a good impression to your prospective lenders. Make an effort to look presentable. Be familiar with the contents of your business plan, and you must know your business inside out so you can easily answer whatever questions they may have. And they will have many, be sure of that.Step 3: Write a good loan proposal.You must have a written proposal outlining your needs, and make sure that it is a good one. It is not enough to verbally approach a lending institution and tell them what you need. They generally prefer the request to be made formally and in black and white.The key elements of a good loan proposal i nclude the following:General information about the business, such as the business name, the principals, and basic details. This is also where you will state the amount of loan you are going to request and the purpose of the loan. Be very specific, because the lenders would like to see exactly what you will be spending the money on.Description of the business, with details on its history, operations, the organizational structure and number of employees, as well as the legal and ownership structure. You should also state the current business assets that you have.Profile of the management, where you will be providing background information on each of the principals in the management team. Make sure to highlight the qualifications and skills of each principal, highlighting what they can contribute to the startup.Market information, where you will be zeroing in on the products and services of the company, as well as the markets it will be catering. You will also have to discuss a bit abo ut the competition and your customers. Talk about how you plan to hold your own against your competitors, and how you will satisfy the needs of your customers.Financial information, which includes financial statements of the business. Since this is a startup, you would have to include projected financial statements instead. You may opt to just include the projected balance sheet and projected income statement, since the more detailed projected financial statements will be included in the Business Plan, which you will also be submitting to your prospective lender. Even the personal financial statements of the principals will also have to be included. Also include a list of collaterals that you can offer as security for the loan you are applying for.Step 4: Prove that you have great potential to make your repayments.In the case of nonprofit lenders, for example, they only extend loans to business owners that can prove that they have sufficient cash flow to make payments on the loan as they fall due. It would be a good idea to be able to show that you have another source of income separate from what you will be getting from the business you will start. One way to do this is to have a cosigner.Step 5: Establish a good relationship with credit reporting agencies while maintaining a strong credit rating.This will take more advanced thinking on your part, even before you planned on starting up a business. Loan officers tend to approach credit reporting agencies in order to get a copy of your business credit report, so make sure to maintain a good and strong personal credit rating.Step 6: When availing of small business loans, be mindful of the requirements of the entity you are applying to. The application process varies among lenders, so this is to be expected. Some agencies or lenders have special requirements that are not necessarily required by the others. Take note of these and submit what is required.Step 7: Always, always, make it a point to make a good impres sion on your lenders. This could be done by presenting good documentation as well as presenting yourself with confidence and professionalism whenever you interact with them.How to Raise Money for your Startup through GrantsWhen we say “grants”, the one source for startups that comes to mind is a government grant. The government has grant programs that are established in order to encourage startups. The good thing about getting a government grant is that you do not have to pay back the money that you receive. In some cases, there are even government agencies that operate venture funding groups, although this is considered, on the government’s part, as an investment more than a grant to the startup.Unfortunately, the downside to this is that there are not a lot of government grants available. The few that are available, on the other hand, have specific requirements that must be met, since they are mostly restricted to particular industries or recipients only.Step 1: Cultivate a good reputation, whether as a business operator, a service provider, or a collaborator with other businesses and entities. Grantors are most likely to look favorably towards businesses that have a good standing in the business community and the market it is in.Step 2: Similar to when you are applying for a business loan, pay attention to the requirements that you have to meet, particularly the documents you have to submit. The entity providing the grant is likely to have requirements unique to their organization, so be careful to take note of those specifics before submitting anything.Step 3: Many actually prefer grants because they are essentially receiving money free of charge. However, when obtaining funding through a grant, there are bound to be conditions that you will have to meet. Take note of these terms and conditions and assess whether they are acceptable to you and that your business will be able to meet them or comply with them.Step 4: Grants are admittedly difficult to find. Unlike banks and lending institutions, which are practically everywhere, granting companies and agencies are quite a few and far between. But if you know where to look, you will definitely find one you could apply for. And how should you look? Your first basis would be the theme of your business, or the nature of its operations. You may also use your demographics as a starting point when looking for potential grants.Step 5: Make your grant proposal as appealing as possible. Remember the effort you put into putting together a proposal when applying for a loan? Do the same when it is for a grant. Find out what the granting entity prefers: a brief yet meaty proposal or an even more extensive one. Make sure that the proposal contains the most salient details about your business.When looking for funding for your startup, expect to put in a lot of work. Money, after all, do not grow on trees, so you have to put a lot of effort in securing funding. Unless you have an exceptional prod uct or service and your business plan is fool-proof, you are bound to have a tough time convincing lenders and grantees to give you the money you need.

Animal Rights Essay example - 1007 Words

At the University of Oregon, Barbara Gorden-Lickey, Ph. D., sewed kittens eyes shut and forced them to jump from a height onto a platform surrounded by water so she could study the effects of sight deprivation on the brain. Cruel and inhumane experiments like this one is an excellent reason why people should recognize the importance of animal right activist groups such as PETA (People of the Ethical Treatment of Animals). Founded in 1980 by Ingrid E. Newkirk and Alex Pacheco, PETA is the largest group in the world with 600,000 plus members. PETAs effort to delete animal abuse in factory farms, laboratories, fur trade, and entertainment through education, investigations, research, animal rescues, legislation, social events, celebrity†¦show more content†¦The USDA found that Boys Town failed to comply with the Animal Welfare Act. PETA also discovered that only twenty-three out of fifty-four dogs slated for cancer experiments at the City of Hope, a federally funded laboratory, survived long enough for the actual experiment to begin. The rest died of infections, poisoning, anesthesia overdose, and other causes linked to gross negligence, inadequate veterinary care, and improper housing. Such abuse acts on animals are inhumane and absolutely unnecessary. With PETAs protection, animals can live freely without being subjected to researchers invasive and hostile terrorists like acts. Laboratory experiments are not the only place where unethical treatment of animals takes place. In the business of fur trading many animals are tormented and killed ruthlessly. In one of PETAs precedent-setting cases, a California furrier was charged with cruelty after a PETA investigator filmed him electrocuting chinchillas by clipping wires to the animals genitals. The American Veterinary Medical Association denounced the killing method saying, quot; it causes animals to experience a heart attack while fully conscious.quot; In another undercover expose, PETA videotaped a fur rancher injecting minks with weed killer causing them to have violent seizures and finallyShow MoreRelatedAnimal Rights And Human Rights923 Words   |  4 Pages Animal Rights â€Å"Nearly as many, 68 percent, were concerned or very concerned about the well-being of animals used in ‘sports’ or contests as well as animals in laboratories (67 percent) (Kretzer, 1).† Many people question whether an animal is capable of thought and emotions. Others feel as though animals are the equivalent of humans and should be treated as such. Since the 1800’s, animal rights has been a topic that has several different sides including two extremes. If animals can react to theirRead MoreThe Debate On Animal Rights910 Words   |  4 PagesThere are two major schools of thought on animal protection. First, is the tenet that animals should have rights and the second, more radical view, is that animals should be liberated. Many of the rights that are promoted for animals are similar to the rights of human democratic societies. The basic rights, which are recommended by a number of advocates, are that animals should be free from suffering, be in posses sion of their own life, and their basic interests should be given the same considerationRead MoreAnimal Rights Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal rights - moral or legal entitlements attributed to nonhuman animals, usually because of the complexity of their cognitive, emotional, and social lives or their capacity to experience physical or emotional pain or pleasure. (Britannia encyclopedia online, n.d.). The definition of animal rights is so clear to us. Human rights need to be protected, so do animal rights. In 1976, in New York City, thousands of cat lovers were beaten when they heard a painful test to be taken for pets’ sexualRead MoreEssay on ANIMAL RIGHTS790 Words   |  4 PagesAnimals have their own rights as do to humans and we should respect that and give them the same respect we give each other. Animals deserve to be given those same basic rights as humans. All humans are considered equal and ethical principles and legal statutes should protect the rights of ani mals to live according to their own nature and remain free from exploitation. This paper is going to argue that animals deserve to have the same rights as humans and therefore, we don’t have the right to killRead MoreAnimal Rights Philosophy768 Words   |  4 Pagesissue of animal rights, Carl Cohen takes on the perspective of a reformist. This means that he accepts animal experimentation and meat eating, but believes that these institutions need to be improved upon. Cohen approaches the issue of animal rights using the ideas of obligations and rights, with not only the reformist perspective, but with the speciesist perspective. The conclusion he draws is that animals do not necessarily have rights just because humans have moral obligations to animals. CohenRead MoreThe Argument Of Animal Rights2068 Words   |  9 PagesSeems rhetorical, but the fact is animals live through this everyday, without even given the choice. As humans, we establish our authority among all living beings, but for what reasons? Are humans better than all other species? Or is it true that we should hold a precedence over nonhuman animals? The ultimate question then remains, should animals have as much or equal to the same rights as humans? Their are endless arguments for and against this question, and many sub arguments that go hand in handRead MoreAnimal Rights And The Rights Of Animals1843 Words   |  8 Pagesthe rights of animals and if they think and feel like humans do. Many people see animals as mindless creatures or as food, while others think they have emotions and can feel pain. In other countries animal protection laws are in place that are strictly enforced and seem to work well with the system. In the United States however; some of the anima l rights laws are considered to be useless and under-enforced (Animal Legal Historical Center). More people today are beginning to see that animals shouldRead MoreThe Issue Of Animal Rights Essay2300 Words   |  10 PagesAnimals have the right to equal consideration in regards to their being used for human needs as most people use animals for their own needs on a daily basis even if only indirectly whether to entertain us, or to attain the product we are using, or on our dinner plate. The controversy of the treatment of animals range from some activists and philosophers that are outspoken against animals being used by humans in any way for our own personal needs, while others are candid in their belief that animalsRead More Animal Rights Essay2330 Words   |  10 PagesAnimals and man have shared this planet since humans first appeared on earth. Animals have provided transportation, food, clothing, shelter, companionship and entertainment throughout the ages. Therefore, it is our duty to treat animals with respect, care and kindness and not cause them undue suffering, because they have, in many ways, made it possible for man to survive on earth. However, because normal adult humans have superior mental abilities in the hierarchical scale in nature, animals haveRead MoreArgumentary On Animals And Animal Rights1523 Words   |  7 Pagesclass was crazy! There was so much information regarding animal rights†¦ Sasha: I know. But I don’t know if any of that changed my views. I still think becoming a vegetarian is the way to go. Devon: You think? I still think that it is okay to eat meat. The animals just need to be raised in a humane manner. Sasha: Eh†¦I don’t know. Animals should just be left alone and be free to roam around in the wild. They should not be tortured like those animals that I saw while visiting that â€Å"kill floor†. Devon:

The Causes and Effects of Global Recession. - 3720 Words

INTRODUCTION Here a definition a recession as well a global recession is mentioned. Some causes and effects has been listed. Due to recession occurring, I have identified the effects of recession based on Tesco. The causes and effects of global recession. Global financial crisis, increasing for a while, began to show its results in the mid of 2007 into 2008. Worldwide stock markets have subsided, financial institutions have dropped and governments in even the richest nations have had to develop packages to assist their financial organizations. Recession is defined as a slowdown of activities in the economy over a time. The major effect of recession is Inflation as well as currency crisis. A decrease in income may be another†¦show more content†¦A decrease in world GDP occurred in many countries, specifically in developing countries. Imports have also declined significantly in importing countries. This was obvious in countries such as China, Taiwan, Mexico, Egypt and Russia. it was stated that GDP fell to 3.8% in the U.S. The impact of recession on employment may not be felt for some time. Investigation in Britain shows that low-skilled, low-educated workers and the immature are in a weak position to unemployment in a dow nturn. It took Britain five years for unemployment to go back to its initial levels. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered their target rates. They then raised the funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This added to an increase in number of years to the adjustable-rate mortgage rates and made it more expensive for homeowners. As a result, this may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble. Gross Domestic Product declined at an in the last two years in the United States. When GDP collapses, economic growth will also plunge. This is as a result of fewer goods being manufactured and therefore the rate of exports will reduce. It is said that when exports decrease, it will not have sufficient funds to accommodate any growth in the economy what so ever. As a result in the decline in GDP, employment rate will sooner or later begin to drop. As a result of the credit crunch, consumers have less purchasing power thereforeShow MoreRelatedEconomic Recession1290 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic Recession of 2007 William Mwangi Class title and section Professor’s name Due date of Assignment: 26th August 2011. William Mwangi Economic crisis Class Professor’s name 24th August, 2011. Economic Recession of 2007: What caused it and what were the after effects? Can we predict another major recession? Thesis Statement: Although the recession that dates back in 2007 is still long and deep and surely has shown some recovery, the potential that it will completelyRead MoreAnalysis of â€Å"the Global Financial Crisis: Causes, Effects, Policies and Prospects† Dominick Salvatore, Journal of Politics Society, Columbia University1110 Words   |  5 PagesFundamental of Economics Analysis of â€Å"The Global Financial Crisis: Causes, Effects, Policies and Prospects† Dominick Salvatore, Journal of Politics Society, Columbia University June 2010 Marija Nikolic December 2012 Global financial crises has brought into focus debate about decisions made by the countries which are leading economic forces, making them to reconsider past living standards and habits. With the aim to examine the causes, effects, policies and prospects for the financial crisisRead MoreThe World s Economy Was Devastated1732 Words   |  7 Pages Assignment 4 GEOG200 Bradley Bache 3129292 Submitted September 10, 2015 In 1929, the western world’s economy was devastated. With the crash of the United States Wall Street, the realm drove into what is now known as the â€Å"Great Recession†. Its neighbour to the north, Canada also felt these affects as unemployment and poverty grew. After a decade of despair, the massive rise in government spending for the Second World War and the reductions in taxes, the economies returned to prosperRead MoreThe Great Recession Of 2008 Was A Worldwide Economic Downturn1673 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Recession of 2008 was a worldwide economic downturn that impacted the global economy. Economists consider the economic decline as one of the most damaging recessions that occurred since the Great Depression of 1930’s. Several documentations and research regarding the recession have been made to make a better understanding of the economic downturn in 2008 as well as the global economy as a whole. The book used as reference in this essay, the Dia ry Of A Very Bad Year: Confessions of an AnonymousRead MoreUnderstanding the Economic Recession in America Essay1165 Words   |  5 PagesThe economic recession of the late 2000s has been called the greatest economic downturn our country has faced since the Great Depression. American businesses and banks are failing, foreclosures are spreading like wildfire, and unemployment numbers have reached double digits. Under our current president, many are optimistic, but many others are fearful for the future. Economists have different speculations regarding the causes of the â€Å"Great Recession†. Some blame it on higher prices for necessitiesRead MoreFinancial Crisis Of A Single Country1671 Words   |  7 PagesContents Summary 2 Financial crisis 3 Impact of financial crisis 4 Effect of financial crisis on different on the economies of different countries 5 Mathematical problems 6 Conclusiom 8 References ..................................................................................................................................................9 Summary Financial crisis has long been a part of global economic recession throughout the history. Here, the purpose of this assignment is to identifyRead MoreThe Role of Banks in Economic Recessions1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe role of banks in economic recessions 05.05.2009 In today’s wavering global economic context, the word `crisis` is omnipresent, taking the media by assault and infringing into the population’s daily life, although many countries haven’t even officially entered recession yet. Although recession is generally referred to as a negative Gross Domestic Product growth for a period of at least two consecutive quarters, other important economicRead MoreThe Great Recession in the year 20081063 Words   |  5 PagesRecession 16Specifically, Freund (2009) defines global downturns as years when world real GDP growth is (1) below 2 percent, (2) more than 1.5 percentage points below the previous five-year average, and (3) at its minimum relative to the previous two years and the following two years. 1975, 1982, 1991, 2001, and 2008 Freund (2009) describes the evolution of world trade following four previous global downturns. She finds that the size of the decline in world trade during these episodes is Read MoreThe World Experienced A Tremendous Financial Crisis Essay1131 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction In 2008, the world experienced a tremendous financial crisis which rooted from the U.S housing market; moreover, it is considered by many economists as one of the worst recession since the Great Depression in 1930s. After posing a huge effect on the U.S economy, the financial crisis expanded to Europe and the rest of the world. It brought governments down, ruined economies, crumble financial corporations and impoverish individual lives. For example, the financial crisis has resultedRead MoreImpact of Financial Crisis on Gulf Area Essay1732 Words   |  7 PagesBackground The global financial crisis that was experienced in 2007/2008 affected many nations of the world. Some countries such as America and most European countries were hard hit since they were directly affected by the crisis. Other countries especially those in Asia and Africa were not adversely affected as they were not directly hit by the crisis. This crisis started in the United States after the housing bubble busted. Although the bursting of the housing bubble was the main cause of the crisis

Detterence Free Essays

string(62) " more stringent than those described in the library resource\." Running Head: Deterrence 1 Deterrence Criminology Shawn Caulder Excelsior College Deterrence 2 Abstract: During the course of study in references for the topic of deterrence I have found a vast amount of information. Most are articles written by different intellectual scholars in the criminal justice field all weighing in on what they believe the theory of â€Å"Deterrence† is and how it relates to the ability to deflect and or inhibit crime during war time, peace time and stately situations. In particular I found one article to be an astounding work done by a man named Stephen Quackenbush with an article titled General Deterrence and International Conflict: Testing Perfect Deterrence Theory (2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Detterence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although this article deals with deterrence theory of international conflict it still involves the basic roots of deterrence. I would like to show that through Mr. Quackenbush’s work one can come very close to a â€Å"Perfect Theory of Deterrence â€Å" by simply following the logic of the article. Deterrence 3 When searching for the topic it was my goal to find the meaning of deterrence and or the application behind the theory. I wanted something with close ties to the relationship of the text we are using in the classroom. The text we are using Vold’s Theoretical Criminology, 6th ed (Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, 2010). I found in the article what I needed to relate different aspects of the text to the fundamentals behind what S. Quackebush (2006) had theorized about the levels behind deterrence. Not only does his research provide information on when and how to implement deterrence it can use simple math to determine the victor in every situation based on fundamentals of push and shove and force on force comparisons. In order to understand what deterrence was I wanted to find a source to provide a little more input than data from the 1800’s, as we have learned from Cesare Bonesana (1738-1794) statement concerning the implementation of keeping punishments proportional to the seriousness of the crime so that the cost always exceeds the reward (Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, pg. 14). This is all well and good to understand how to set its boundary of punishment to the crime but I needed a better understanding of how it worked and what other factors besides crime helped to determine severity and what types of deterrence we see in our world today. By looking into Quackenbush’s (2006) theory I can gain a better understanding of the levels of deterrence and the players in the game. By understanding it better myself and can readily adapt it better in my of life and have a better understanding of why and how it is used not only on the global level but on every street corner in America. I order to locate the information I was searching for I followed the link provided in module one under the paper one resource provided by the course administrator. After following the link to the Excelsior Library’s resource search page I entered deterrence into the search box and began to look for articles that appealed to me over those that were easier for lack of a better term. Deterrence 4 I did find an article prior to the one by Mr. Quackenbush (2006) but after careful review I found the course required the article to be from 2000 and up. My article was from the 1930’s so that got quickly recycled and I found the article mentioned above. When I have used the library resource in the past I find it is always best to find your specific subject of study go to that portion of the library and search using specific terms within the requirements you have for the research to be done. In this case it was easy I had one word to describe my intent to the search box and in return it pulled up many documents. I knew that since mine needed to be a specific format â€Å"Article† I then eliminated all but the required information such as periodicals and journals. Of course a wide variety of useful and some not so useful articles, journals and periodicals popped up. I simply perused through them until I found a few that grabbed my attention. I would then open the journal and briefly read through it to see if it contained the content I wanted or was interested in. Once I found the writing that best fit the work I wanted to explore my time was done in the Excelsior Library. While looking through the many choices that were made available to me I quickly looked at content for information that one, intrigued me and two had some rational sense in which I could then understand and use. What is the point of using information that you have no Comprehension of? Once these guidelines were established I look at the list of references and crossed checked these and the original author through the internet to find any additional information that may have been useful to me. The trick to this as well is to find a resource that has the intent of the message being interpreted and received by the viewer. If I am to do a paper on deterrence what benefit would I gain from a paper on crime rates in Kalamazoo, MI? At this point relevance to the meaning of the research is a factor. Another key thing to look for in an article is what amount of evidence is backed up by fact and how much of it is based on opinion or hearsay? Deterrent 5 A good resource needs to be based on as much proven fact and be backed by additional works to allow for the best use of the material in which you are going to use for your paper. Anyone can find a story on their topic but is it a story or is there hard evidence to back it up? I believe my methods of evaluation are probably a bit more stringent than those described in the library resource. You read "Detterence" in category "Papers" I tend to be a stickler for what I want to use for any form of writing in order to try to get my point across as best as possible. The library resources are abundant with useful information though. Do not think I am discrediting then because that would be far from the truth. As a new student when I first started my Undergraduates Degree I used all the resources available to me especially the library. The article I chose to introduce to compliment Chapter two’s lesson on deterrence is an article called General Deterrence and International Conflict: Testing Perfect Deterrence Theory, by Stephen L. Quackenbush (2006). When I first began to read the article it intrigue my because it deals not just with the cause and effect of deterrence but the quantative measure of it as if it is and has always been a scientific fact of life. It begins by stating deterrence is the use of a threat (explicit or not) by one party in attempt to convince another party not to upset the status quo (Quackenbush, S. L. 2006). It breaks it down into two purposes which are direct and extended deterrence. One is immediate and used primarily as a means of prevention or attack on a defender, while the other is meant to deter a general population. Along with this are two types of situations that are created by deterrence. The first is immediate and is targeted toward a specific challenger and general which is all encompassing of a group (Quackenbush, S. L. 2006). Deterrent 6 Inside these purposes are different categories to describe different events of deterrence to include direct immediate deterrence, direct general deterrence, extended immediate deterrence and extended general deterrence (Quackenbush, S. L. 2006). These are considered different strategies based on your position. In this article the author chose to focus primarily on direct general deterrence to prove his theory of the â€Å"perfect deterrence†. At many times Dr. Quackenbush (2006) speaks in term of deterrence being that of a game. I will describe the way that I understand his game based n the article as it delves deep into mathematical equations that do make sense but are a long way to describe it how I will. As discussed before there are and have to always be two sides when we speak of deterrence. In the case of the article they are known as Challenger and Defender. In this game there are choices to be made and depending on the choice each side makes will determine whether you are the defender or the challenger. Think of it if you will like a national game of chess depending on how you chose to play your piece will either make you the aggressor or leave you making defensive moves to get out of harm’s way. Earlier it was discussed that deterrence is simply used to bring one party back to the status quo or the normal. Being the defender or challenger and based on the decisions you make will put you into one of two places. You will either be the defender, come back to the status quo or you will retaliate (becoming the challenger) and move into conflict and vice versa. Based on this Dr. Quackenbush (2006) has established that no matter where we are even in peace times there will always be a direct general deterrence. The shift from this happens when one side moves their piece one way or another. The understanding of deterrence in this article is based on a state to state or nation to nation offensive and defensive. We typically are discussing criminal activities of general population during this course but I do have a way to show just how much it looks like the national scale of deterrence within our precincts and our cities. Deterrence 7 One of the ways it can be shown that Dr. Quackenbush’s (2006) Theory of the perfect deterrence being present in our text is to compare just a few similarities in which he based his work on. One of the first few terms that come to mind is deterrence decay and residual deterrence. If compared to the though t of a continual deterrence as suggested by Dr. Quackenbush then you can consider these the effects of a deterrent being put into place. This would happen in three stages the initial deterrent, the deterrent decay and what would be left would be the residual deterrence. By showing that there are different levels and or stages of deterrence at any given ime then we can validate the Theory of Perfect Deterrence as proposed by Dr. Quackenbush (2006). By knowing the challenger to defender relationship it can compare to local law enforcement against drugs, crime, gangs and the list goes on. At times the law enforcement agencies are the challenger and the criminals are the defender. Those roles do reverse and local authori ties have come under attack many times before. By understanding that there is always some type of ongoing deterrence whether perceived or intentional the challenger and or the defender will plan accordingly. The threat of going to jail for a crime is a constant deterrent for most. At times though there are those that weigh the benefit to the loss and chose to defy the deterrent sometimes they get away with it and sometimes they don’t. It is knowing that there is a consequence for your action that keeps most on the straight and narrow. A perceived deterrent would be a shining star in proof of constant deterrence theory. Based on past experiences people will build a perceived notion of punishment for an offense. The deterrent had been initiated long ago yet the residual effect of it remains. Deterrence 8 References: Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, (2010) Vold’s Theoretical Criminology, 6th ed. Oxford University Press INC. New York, NY Quackenbush, S. L. (2006) General Deterrence and International Conflict: Testing Perfect Deterrence Theory: Retrieved from: http://ehis. ebscohost. com. vlib. excelsior. edu/eds/detail? vid=4;hid=5;sid=aa2e740b-17f8-471a-843f-25982123af97%40sessionmgr111;bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=a9h;AN=48490499 How to cite Detterence, Papers

Social Norms & Global Environmental-Free-Samples for Students

Question: You are required to write a Paper to evaluate the factors that may affect and worsen the global Environment as the Population increases. In your paper you should mention the manners that can be useful to minimize these Impacts on the Environment. Answer: Introduction It is matter of worry that the growth in the population will eventually provides the holocaust in the environment. However, the issue is more complex and difficult than our thinkings. This is a matter of fact that the population of the world is growing by on an average 74 million annually. Growth of the population is not symmetrically distributed globally. Population is only comprised of one of many factors affecting the environment. By analyze the topic from near it is a matter of focus that the whole population from the past 50 years consumed more resources than the complete of the humanity before these 50 years (Pereira, et. al., 2010). The 20th century is observing the highest rise in the population of the world in the history of humans. In this assignment the analyst is required to write a paper to analyze and evaluate the factors that may influence and worsen the environment globally with the increasing population. Also in this paper the analyst mentioned the manners that can b e useful to minimize these influences on the environment. Background From the beginning of the century, there is a great pressure over the natural resources; this also results as threatening the health of the public and development. Shortage of the water, exhaustion of the soil, pollution of air and water, loss of forests, and depletion of coastline troubles many areas (Sheffield and Landrigan, 2011). As the population of the world grows, the biggest global challenge is to enhance the living of standards of the people without harming the environment. Consumption of resources is much faster in the developed countries they actually reproduce and regenerate the resources. Most of the countries which are at developing stage with the rapid growth of the population are facing the urgency of the requirement to enhance the living of the standards of the people. As the human beings are the most important factor in destroying the nature and the environment to meet their current requirements, we are destroying the resources required for the future (Foley, DeFries, Asner, Barford, Bonan, Carpenter Helkowski, 2005). Body of the report Overpopulation is an unwanted situation where the number of existing population of the humans exceeds the capability of carrying of Earth. There are many factors which are quiet responsible for the overpopulation. Some of the few causes which ultimate results in overpopulation are diminishing rate of mortality, better facilities of Medicare, depletion of precious and valuable resources (Homer-Dixon, 2010). From the past 60 years, the population growth has boomed and has results into the overpopulation. Developing technology with each coming year has influenced humanity in many ways in which one of the capability to save the lives and develop better treatment of medical for all. In this part of the report, the analyst defines the factors that may influence and worsen the global nature and the environment as the increase in the population. Causes of overpopulation Overpopulation is solely responsible for worsen the nature and global environment. Some of the factors causing overpopulation are as follows: Diminishing death rate: The main factor behind the term overpopulation is difference between the on an average birth rate and death rate in the population. It is a matter of fact that, if the number of the Childs born each year equals the number of adults that die, then it will stabilize the population growth. The agriculture is also one of main reason that provided the ancestors with the capability to stay fit and nutritional without the process of hunting. This is the reason for the 1st imbalance between the 2 rates. Better medical facilities: Advancement of the technology constitutes the reason for the permanent disturbance regarding the balance. Many diseases which assist in maintaining the balance of the two rates were defeated because of the discoveries in the field of medical science. Illness which is the main reason behind the death of the individuals now was cured because of the vaccine inventions (Kennedy, 2011). Mixing the rise in the supply of food with fewer means of death became the initiating point of overpopulation. Advancement of technology in the treatment of fertility: Couple who were unable to conceive pregnancy now has their own babies because of the advancement in the technology and more discoveries in the field of medical sciences. There are many types of effective medicines which can raise the odds of conception and results to increase in the birth rate. However, it is also a matter of the fact that in todays time pregnancies are by far safer than the past. Lack of family planning: Developing nations are having a large number of populations living under the line of poverty and are illiterates and have no knowledge about the planning of family. Their children married at an early age which again raises the odds of generating more kids. There is a lack of understanding and knowledge in these people; they are unable to understand the harmful influences of overpopulation (Buhaug, et. al., 2010). More hands to overcome the issue of Poverty: From a long period of time, there are a few people in the population who had enough amount of money to live their lives in comfort. The rest of the people faced poverty and would produce a large number of families to make up for the high infant mortality rate. These families require a more number of hands to overcome the poverty which again plays an important role in producing more number of kids and results in overpopulation. Immigration: There are some few people who prefer to move to the countries which are already developed like Australia, UK, USA and Canada for capturing the better facilities available there in form of education, employment, medical and security. The conclusion is that they people settle over there and overcrowd those places also (Cafaro and Crist, 2012). This movement results in scarcity and lack of resources. By this process overall population of the world remains the same but it only affects the population density which makes that place basically over crowded. Solutions to the Overpopulation In this particular part of the report, the analyst provides some solutions to overcome the issue of the overpopulation which are as follows: More awareness towards family planning: Raising awareness across the individuals in context of the family planning and letting them know about the harmful after effects of the overpopulation can actually assist in restricting the growth of the population. Utilization of contraceptive methods available and let them know about several safe techniques of sex can be the best way to avoid any unwanted pregnancies. Better knowledge of education regarding the sex: Imparting the education regarding the sex to the kids which are young at basic level should be necessary. Generally, the information provided to them about the sex is incomplete which results to their curiosity about the sex and also results in unawareness of the contraceptives across the sexually active teenagers (de Oliveira, 2016). Thus it is very important for the teacher and the parents to make their child aware of the educating regarding the sex. Better knowledge: Educating the childrens helps them understand the requirement to have 1 or 2 children at the most. Education plays an important role in understanding the latest technologies which can seriously helps in overcoming these types of issues. Benefits in the tax and concessions: Several countries government might have to arrive with the several policies regarding the exemption in the tax policies to overcome the issue of overpopulation. One of the topmost policies is to waive of particular part or segment of the income tax or lessening rates of income tax for the married couples who are having only 1 or 2 childrens. As the human being is more inclined toward the money consideration, this may generate some results which are quite positive (Kinzig, Ehrlich, Alston, Arrow, Barrett, Buchman Ostrom, 2013). Evaluation and Discussion Overpopulation is a leading and foremost driver of the desertification, hunger, depletion of the species and a variety of social maladies across the globe. At present, there are seven billion people on the planet and the number is growing by passing of every mini second. Among all the challenges of the environment facing by the world, overpopulation is one of the challenges that slip sometimes under the thoughts. Overpopulation also contributes to several other issues of the environment like change in climate, shortage of water and pollution (Zografos and Howarth, 2010). Overpopulation will place great demands of the land and the resources, leading to the widespread issues of the environment in addition to the standard of living and influencing the global economies. Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion Overpopulation is a catastrophe that strongly and heavily stands with the diversification in the environment as one of the topmost challenges facing the humanity in todays world. There are several ways by which this problem can put to an end which are educating the childrens at the elementary level, using the contraceptive methods to avoid the problem of unwanted pregnancy and issue of overpopulation at a time. If this issue doesnt diversify, the problem highlighted in this report may continue to develop unabated. And if that happens, this could lead the humanity to untold problems and issues in the future. References Buhaug, H., Gleditsch, N. P., Theisen, O. M. (2010). Implications of climate change for armed conflict.Social dimensions of climate change: Equity and vulnerability in a warming world, 75-101. Cafaro, P., Crist, E. (Eds.). (2012).Life on the brink: environmentalists confront overpopulation. University of Georgia Press. de Oliveira, J. V. G. (2016). Suffering, Challenge and Overcoming. A Christian Perspective on Disability.IJAHSS (International Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences),1(3), 30-37. Foley, J. A., DeFries, R., Asner, G. P., Barford, C., Bonan, G., Carpenter, S. R., Helkowski, J. H. (2005). Global consequences of land use.science,309(5734), 570-574. Homer-Dixon, T. F. (2010).Environment, scarcity, and violence. Princeton University Press. Kennedy, P. (2011).Preparing for the twenty-first century. Vintage. Kinzig, A. P., Ehrlich, P. R., Alston, L. J., Arrow, K., Barrett, S., Buchman, T. G., Ostrom, E. (2013). Social norms and global environmental challenges: the complex interaction of behaviors, values, and policy.BioScience,63(3), 164-175. Pereira, H. M., Leadley, P. W., Proena, V., Alkemade, R., Scharlemann, J. P., Fernandez-Manjarrs, J. F., ... Chini, L. (2010). Scenarios for global biodiversity in the 21st century.Science,330(6010), 1496-1501. Sheffield, P. E., Landrigan, P. J. (2011). Global climate change and childrens health: threats and strategies for prevention.Environmental health perspectives,119(3), 291. Zografos, C., Howarth, R. B. (2010). Deliberative ecological economics.

Veronika Decides to Die Review Essay Example

Veronika Decides to Die Review Paper Essay on Veronika Decides to Die Bertrand why not right? Lenin made a significant contribution to philosophy. Kokretno this: the political form of our consciousness can not be ignored, otherwise it turns out very thoroughly miserable ideologized being completely disoriented abundance of ideologies do not want to choose options for cooked and seasoned meaningfulness lies. That is why the rights of Louis Althusser, noting the main thing: since Marx and Lenin through the relationship to the traditional philosophy has changed radiakalno now professorial philosophy is false paths, to study or even to investigate which nevertheless absolutely necessary. But to do this, not pulzuyas Marxist methodology, absolutely impossible. Lenin understood this perfectly, and openly despised traditional philosophical professorship for her thoroughly ideologized lies, earning honorable privilege Hate of all this public. Just do not think that all of this has anything to do the slightest relation to the ideological doctrine of the CPS U Central Committee. But its all about this theory. If the philosophy of science is not distinguished from ideology (a simple but systematic construction of various views focused on the interests of certain political groups, for example, namenklaturu Committee, representatives of big business the time of the Weimar Republic, etc.) then you can be happy to rustle all you have the above authors and quiet stay in the idiotic illusion, thinking that all this is a philosophy, it is wisdom. Alas, usually nowhere near. To understand this properly, it is necessary to begin with, in fact belong to the philosophy of Marxs subsequent more or less significant thinkers in the West. But Marx did not leave any special work on the philosophy he was wrong! Finally, remember what I said about Lenin, one of his worst enemies Karl Kautsky: deny Lenins greatness can only be crazy. Thats the way it is, and fooled the Russians in the 90s, suggesting that Marx and Lenin is the field of political curiosi ties and thoughtlessness. Alas, the lies and the evidence on poverty of mind and spirit. Veronika Decides to Die Review Essay Example Veronika Decides to Die Review Paper Essay on Veronika Decides to Die In order to bring man back to life and cure bitterness, a person need to scare near death. Then I wake up in him a thirst for life, then he will recover and will live happily ever after and died in one day. Although the stop, a little more about the life of To resort to the formulation of an incurable diagnosis -. Psychotherapeutic technique that really brings out human problems that need to be addressed. But one thing reception at the psychotherapist, the other the attitude to life in general No, the problem really needs to be solved, and should not pull the cat on the back burner, but its a question of problems in life as well. not the whole of life. What I want to say. The idea to someone to make up or ask someone for forgiveness, it is too late definitely good and there are no complaints. The idea that you can die at any time so all is beyond praise. But the question remains what does it all We will write a custom essay sample on Veronika Decides to Die Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Veronika Decides to Die Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Veronika Decides to Die Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In order for you, so as not to poison themselves last moments of existence of some regrets and resentments? Or maybe, in order to have time to get out of life? Well, for the first goal should be fine Freud and Carnegie. I think they can easily do in order to reduce the number of problems in a persons life. For the second goal should not have to write such a long history, Pepsi is enough advertising. For what this book is written and what the reader along with Veronica comes to life? Im afraid it is in order to live happily. Whats wrong with that? Yes, probably, nothing. But again there is a lot of questions And what it is -. My pleasure? The answer is obvious: everyone has their own. And if someone pleasure is to remove the burden of mutual insults and dirty with someone else, it is not for everyone. And if we become live each in his own pleasure Im afraid not to pleasures will most sluggishness. Well, I am to blame, we had time to read Coelho and quickly proceed to their pleasures, until they were someones else. And in the projection on the axis of reality harmless vapor thirsting to live and schizophrenics already it looks very unattractive: a crowd of individuals who seek to satisfy their every craving their lives for pleasure Now, about death.. Death in Veronica easily overcome by denial of the diagnosis, or rather its absence. After that, death is evaporated from the pages and as if the life of the characters. But we must realize that once they die anyway. Both. And we are too. And now on the verge of death so attractive to the patient bitterness as should behave healed from the bitter people? How to behave in front of the death of all of us the awakening to life? Rejoice in the pleasure we spent the allotted time and had so-and-so? Maybe. In the event that all end at the very moment when I made my last breath. And if not? .. Veronika Decides to Die Review Essay Example Veronika Decides to Die Review Paper Essay on Veronika Decides to Die Let me join the chromosomal those who do not like Coelho 🙂 Although, I personally do not care it. I hope I Love Gothic allow anything negative to say constructively as I once read a book is not the author of the cover to crust (though Im not ashamed of :), trying to find the answer to the question What they (the fans Coelho) it sees this deep or serious? first. A lot of people read it? Well, well, they at least something to read. Secondly, in these books there is something about the eternal and the good. Let primitive and thrown around, but still not how to hate and destroy all around. We will write a custom essay sample on Veronika Decides to Die Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Veronika Decides to Die Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Veronika Decides to Die Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Unfortunately, the list of my positive with respect to the creation Coelho has dried up. The rest of the It is about good and evil, of dreamers and destiny of human destiny can read something from the category of food for thought, and Coelho, to put it mildly, not call up this notion. Dear Gothic Love, grow up, read a little more and realize that there is something more worthwhile:) To be honest, I was a little irritated more and Coelho language. How strange that he wrote as a childrens storyteller, respectively, it seems that it appeals to readers as to small children, not as equals. Gothic properly noticed of Good and Zdle, sorry, Evil;) Only in fairy tales these concepts are clearly separated, everything in life some not so PS. Dear uvazhateli and fans, terrible to say, fans Coelho 🙂 Take the trouble to read something from Carlos Castaneda, or the ancient philosophers, for uzreet true origin of original ideas of his favorite author, and you will be happy and insight:) PPP . I think it would be better. Waiting for the comments:) Veronika Decides to Die Review Essay Example Veronika Decides to Die Review Paper Essay on Veronika Decides to Die The man allows himself the luxury of being mad, only when he created the conditions for this. (C) In any literary conversation, one has only to visit a speech on the work of Coelho, all the decent, participants begin to chant in unison phi author, wrinkle nose in disgust and bewilderment wondering how it can be read. And the authors language is not something that just is not a literary, rather, as if designed for readers suffering from an acute form of idiocy. And the story banal. And heroes trivial. And the semantic content so all the obvious and not worth that it was written again. Perhaps Im not a decent member of any literary conversation, therefore now I will tell of their experiences, about one of the most popular books Coelho Veronika decides to die ». This Coelho book for the first time I read many years ago. Then the author of the book has only timidly appeared on the shelves, and there was not a strong marketing campaign, no long runs, or really even readers. And this is the first acquaintance with the author, I would not be carried among the successful. I threw the book somewhere in the half, having decided that I will return to it in a different, more convenient time. This moment came just before the premiere of the movie, filmed on the novel by these things. Before viewing is chanted posters shedevrialnoy work Emily Young I still decided to read this book. Therefore now briefly about all the impressions from reading. We will write a custom essay sample on Veronika Decides to Die Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Veronika Decides to Die Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Veronika Decides to Die Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer  «The prison does not correct the offender, but only teaches him to commit new crimes. (C) The plot. Unless specifically address the content, in a nutshell we can say that this is a novel about a girl with a clear manic-depressive state. The author is very accurately described within this state. In the plot, clearly visible triad Krepellina abnormally low, melancholy mood, mental retardation and physical retardation. Intelligence Veronica saved, so suicidal she prepares carefully considering and weighing every step. Like a heroine from the inside devours depression. Speaking about it, I mean depression is the author once again quite aptly describes her bipolar flow. The depressive phase lucid interval the manic phase the depressive phase, etc. Its all accompanied by an emotional feeling, facing in different time intervals everything was bad, and now bad and nothing good will. Neither bright idea comes to mind Veronica. And for a thorough disclosure of a manic-depressive state, put the first plus. The heroes of the novel. Again Coelho failed to accurately register each mentally ill. All the characters, regardless of the primacy of the placed very accurately, and most importantly their diagnosis as accurate as possible. Realism has happened helps, if not try on, or at least believe in the described. The second advantage of heroes. text. Yes, I will agree with all opponents of the author is that the language of the narrative, indeed, as simple as possible. On the one hand it is a minus, though it can be slightly wrapped, heavier. But on the other such a serious topic is extremely easy to understand, you can bring only the use of simple, basic words. Coelho outlined Villete and its residents so that everyone can submit this separate world. Coelho true to himself and his style. Practically in each of his works, he subtly interweaves some parable to help reveal the essence of the main theme. So here the parable of the crazy kingdom came to the site and helped to understand the face and the essence of madness Final.. Yet Coelho a master of happy endings. And here he does not change his style. Open finals, the most happy and at the same time, far-fetched. Of course, none of the characters will not be able to get rid of their ailments. Depression Veronica periodically, especially in spring and autumn seasons, will escalate. Members of the Brotherhood, Marie, Edward and other guests Villete, hardly any of them can return to normal life. Although, in fact, who is this crazy? After all, its just someone who lives in a special world. And in this world it is quite full. In each of us there is this his own, special world . This novel by Paulo Coelho put 3 on a 5-point scale. Veronika Decides to Die Review Essay Example Veronika Decides to Die Review Paper Essay on Veronika Decides to Die Paulo Coelho. Veronika Decides to Die What is a good name, but because it fully reflects the meaning of the book. Im not talking about the unfortunate suicide that she tried to commit, Im talking about her actions and thoughts throughout the book. We will write a custom essay sample on Veronika Decides to Die Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Veronika Decides to Die Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Veronika Decides to Die Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Samonushenie- wild power. Dr. Igor matures idea and put it into practice with the help of Veronica, That, in turn, nothing suspect because she is busy with thoughts of death, his death, And it is enough to know that you will die in a week, to love life forever. This book is full of brilliant x phrases and more than that, reading this novel, you can buy a lot of knowledge, some of them I even decided to write: * one of the factors determining the state of mind of a person, is a recently discovered substance serotonin. Lack of serotonin affects the ability to concentrate on work, sleep, eat, enjoy the pleasant moments of life * great Slovenian poet Preshern (about him in the book mentioned very often) * crazy. is the inability to pass on to others their perception. As if you were in a foreign country everything you see, you know, whats going on around you, but not in a position to explain and get help because they do not understand the language in which they say * it is wasting its energy on efforts. correspond to the image that has established for itself. Thats why she never had the forces out to be myself * man allows himself the luxury of being mad, only when he created for this condition. * Stop constantly thinking, if you all the way! If someone does not like it, he complains. And if he lacks the courage to complain, then its his problem. * the laws were not created to solve problems, and for their endless entanglement in endless judicial litigation. (This is a very interesting example of a written and other) Veronika Decides to Die Review Essay Example Veronika Decides to Die Review Paper Essay on Veronika Decides to Die Let me join the chromosomal those who do not like Coelho 🙂 Although, I personally do not care it. I hope I Love Gothic allow anything negative to say constructively as I once read a book is not the author of the cover to crust (though Im not ashamed of :), trying to find the answer to the question What they (the fans Coelho) it sees this deep or serious? first. A lot of people read it? Well, well, they at least something to read. Secondly, in these books there is something about the eternal and the good. Let primitive and thrown around, but still not how to hate and destroy all around. We will write a custom essay sample on Veronika Decides to Die Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Veronika Decides to Die Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Veronika Decides to Die Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Unfortunately, the list of my positive with respect to the creation Coelho has dried up. The rest of the It is about good and evil, of dreamers and destiny of human destiny can read something from the category of food for thought, and Coelho, to put it mildly, not call up this notion. Dear Gothic Love, grow up, read a little more and realize that there is something more worthwhile:) To be honest, I was a little irritated more and Coelho language. How strange that he wrote as a childrens storyteller, respectively, it seems that it appeals to readers as to small children, not as equals. Gothic properly noticed of Good and Zdle, sorry, Evil;) Only in fairy tales these concepts are clearly separated, everything in life some not so PS. Dear uvazhateli and fans, terrible to say, fans Coelho 🙂 Take the trouble to read something from Carlos Castaneda, or the ancient philosophers, for uzreet true origin of original ideas of his favorite author, and you will be happy and insight:) Veronika Decides to Die Review Essay Example Veronika Decides to Die Review Paper Essay on Veronika Decides to Die And what else could I see comments about this book? Naturally nothing good Im used to seeing only the bad reviews about Coelho When I took the book in his hands, then this author yet in sight, no one knew -. it only appeared a book in Russian. Not about any fashion and out of the question. I was then 15 years old, maybe less. Teenage depression, family problems pushed me to a very good thought and action. And this book is still in the old edition and a paperback helped me get out of my state. And what is necessary for the silly girl as a teenager? everything to be simple and clear, that there was at least some sense (meaning I was looking around and snotty novels Im not very interested in) the book to leave at least something beautiful. At that time, the book by Paulo Coelho gave me a new outlook on life and everyday life. I think of them with a pleasant smile. We will write a custom essay sample on Veronika Decides to Die Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Veronika Decides to Die Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Veronika Decides to Die Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And Im sorry that there are so advertised his books, and people judge it by the opinions of others. But I agree, at the moment what is published is far from the quality of the first novels (although maybe I became older and Coelhos philosophy does not seem to me a revelation)) And again. I do not understand people who judge the quality of the book at the place of reading it. Im the next three years in the transport of spent 5 hours a day. So do you really think that all this time while I went to the train, metro and bus can be stupidly stare at people and do nothing? I would be mad but I just learned not to see or hear anyone or anything other than the book in my hands would not say that the literature on the psychology of the extreme activities or properties of neural brain can be compared to Dontsova!

15 Top NYC Colleges How to Decide If Theyre Right for You

15 Top NYC Colleges How to Decide If They're Right for You SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips New York is the most populous US city, and there are dozens of colleges in New York City. Should you go to college in NYC? If you want to be close to Gray’s Papaya, Madison Square Garden, Broadway, and Wall Street, then going to schoolin New York City might be a good option. In this article, I’ll provide you with a list oftop-ranked collegesin NYC. Furthermore, I’ll explainthe benefits and disadvantages of attending college in New York City and offer some advice on decidingif you should attend college in NYC. The 15Top-Ranked Schools in NYC I've listed the top-ranked collegesin NYC in the order of their Forbes rankings for the best overall colleges because Forbes includes all colleges in its rankings. TheUS News divides colleges into 4 categories for its rankings: National Universities, National Liberal Arts Colleges, Regional Universities, and Regional Colleges. I listed each school’s category after its US News ranking. The majority of the most prestigious schools are in the National University or National Liberal Arts College category.The Regional Colleges and Universities are still good, but they’re typically not as well-known nationally. Forbes and US News use many variables to determine their rankings. Their ranking methodologies are different, but they both use factors like graduation rates and freshman retention rates in their ranking lists. Forbes focuses more on student outcomes and incorporates alumni salary and student debt in its rankings while US News focuses more on the academic reputations of colleges. There are private and public colleges of varying sizes on the list. The CUNY colleges are the public colleges in New York City. There are four-year CUNY colleges. Also, some of the colleges on the list have a particular focus.Barnard is a women’s college. Cooper Union offers programs exclusively in architecture, fine arts, and engineering. Manhattan College is a Roman Catholic school and Yeshiva University is a Jewish college. School Forbes Ranking US News Ranking Average SAT Score Average ACT Score Acceptance Rate Columbia University #15 #4 (National Universities) 2215 33 7% Barnard College #42 #29 (National Liberal Arts Colleges) 2020 30 21% Cooper Union #73 #2 (Regional Colleges-North) 1987 31 8% New York University #77 #32 (National Universities) 2015 30 32% Fordham University #153 #66 (National Universities) 1870 28 43% CUNY- City College #177 #66 (Regional Universities-North) 1030 (on Reading and Math only) N/A 34% Manhattan College #198 #17 (Regional Universities-North) 1623 25 66% Yeshiva University #209 #52 (National Universities) 1840 26 82% CUNY- Baruch College #262 #32 (Regional Universities-North) 1229 (on Reading and Math only) N/A 27% CUNY- Brooklyn College #280 #83 (Regional Universities-North) 1096 (on Reading and Math only) N/A 28% CUNY- Hunter College #297 #47 (Regional Universities-North) 75 (on Reading and Math only) N/A 31% CUNY- Queens College #308 #47 (Regional Universities-North) 1624 N/A 37% The New School #314 #127 (National Universities) N/A N/A 67% CUNY- Lehman College #409 #6 (Regional Universities-North) 1425 N/A 23% Pace University #443 #180 (National Universities) 1090 (on Reading and Math only) 24 81% Butler Library at Columbia University (Susan Sermoneta/Flickr) Other Popular NYC Colleges New York City is known for its prestigious art schools like thePratt Institute, the Fashion Institute of Technology, andThe Juilliard School. Additional well-known colleges in New York include St. John's University and the other CUNY colleges. Benefits of Going to College in New York City If you go to one of the many colleges in NYC, you'll be able to reap all of these benefits. You’ll Never Be Bored Many colleges are in remote locations. If you ever get tired of on-campus activities, there aren’t a ton of options for off-campus fun.If you go to college in New York City, you’ll be in one of the most vibrant, exciting cities in the world. You’ll have easy access to museums, plays, sporting events, bars, clubs, and restaurants. You can check out The Metropolitan Museum of Art or the Guggenheim. If you're a basketball fan, you can attend a New York Knicks or Brooklyn Nets game. You may want to go see The Book of Mormon on Broadway. If you're like me and you enjoy some programming on The Food Network, you'll probably be excited to try the restaurants of Bobby Flay and Marcus Samuelsson. Many NYC colleges offer deals to students so they can take advantage of New York’s cultural offerings.Through its Arts Initiative, Columbia University offers students free admission to over 30 museums and discounted rates to theater and musical performances.Similarly, NYU Ticket Central offers discounted tickets to movies, Broadway and off-Broadway shows, sporting events, musical performances, and more. The Vine at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (ketrin1407/Flickr) Internship and Job Opportunities One huge advantage of going to college in NYC is that there are so many industries and companies that are based there. There are numerous opportunities for college students to get internships or jobs that will give them meaningful experiences and lead to employment after graduation.Here’s a list of over 200undergraduate intern jobs in NYC on LinkedIn. If you’re interested in theater, fashion, journalism, or finance, there are few cities with more opportunities in those fields than New York. Diversity If you go to a large state school in a college town, you’ll probably be surrounded by mostly traditional college-aged students who are from the state in which the college is located. In NYC, you’ll be able to interact with tons of people from all over the world.There are more foreign-born immigrants who live in NYC than there are people who live in Chicago.You’ll be able to explore the many different ethnic neighborhoods in NYC where you can experience the cuisines and cultures of different nationalities. Especially in today's global economy, graduating college with a global perspective and knowledge of different cultures can benefit you in your professional life. Transportation At many colleges, students often complain that they feel like they’re in a bubble or trapped in a very insulated environment, especially if they don’t have a car and can’t easily get off campus. In New York, you’ll have no issue exploring the city without a car.Between the subway, trains, cabs, and Uber, you shouldn’t have any problem getting around the city or accessing other cities on the east coast.An added bonus is that the subway is pretty cheap and efficient. The Food Maybe I’m only emphasizing food because I really like to eat.When I was in college at Stanford, I remember being hungry late at night, and because I didn’t have a car, I had to convince my roommate to take us to go get some grub. Our only real option off-campus at that time was Jack in the Box, a mediocre fast food establishment. NYC is known for having some of the best restaurants in the world. There are cheap, tasty restaurants, food stands, and food trucks representing every type of food imaginable.If you live on campus and get sick of dorm food, you’ll have access to so many different types of food at all hours.I’m a little jealous that I didn’t have Shake Shack near me when I was in college. You can even get chicken and waffles in NYC! (Arnold Gatilao/flickr) Disadvantages of Going to College in New York City While going to aNew York City college can offer you many advantages and excitement, there are some potential downsides of going to school in NYC. Distractions Since you’re primarily in college to learn, you may find it distracting to try to study and go to class in the â€Å"City That Never Sleeps.†Because you’ll have access to so many social opportunities and entertainment options in New York City, you’ll have to maintain discipline to ensure that you’re taking care of your academic responsibilities. Less School Spirit and Less of an On-Campus Community At colleges in college towns, everything revolves around the college. People sport their school colors with pride, enthusiastically cheer on their sports teams, and seem to have a strong bond with the school. At colleges in New York City, the colleges are a very small part of the city.Students are likely to spend less time on campus because they’re out exploring the city and all it has to offer. There can be less of a sense of community going to school in such an urbanenvironment. Also, none of the colleges in NYC have big-time football programs, and athletics aren’t a huge part of the college experience. If you want to experience cheering on your school in a stadium with 100,000 screaming fans, you won't get that at a New York City college.However, St. John’s does have a storied basketball program, and they play some of their home basketball games in the historic Madison Square Garden. New York City Is Expensive Even though you can find cheap food, discounted tickets to events, and the subway doesn’t cost much, almost everything you do off campus will cost you some money.If you have limited funds, you may not really be able to take advantage of what the city has to offer. Furthermore, if you don’t have money and your friends are going to fancy NYC restaurants and getting tickets to Broadway shows, that can make you feel isolated and negatively impact your college experience. Additionally, housing in the NYC Is extremely pricey.If you don’t live on campus, it can be very difficult to find an affordable place to live. You may end up having to live far from campus or in an undesirable location.As of August 2015, the average price of a one bedroom apartment within 10 miles of NYC was$3245 per month. NYC Can Feel Overwhelming New York City has so many people and so much activity that it can feel like a bit much if you prefer being in an environment with a laid-back vibe.Especially if you’re from a rural or suburban environment, being around so many people who seem to always be in a hurry can make you feel unsettled or claustrophobic. Even simple tasks like getting groceries can become chaotic adventures due to to the throngs of people.My friends who live in New York and love it enjoy a fast-paced lifestyle or are at least unaffected by the hustle and bustle of the city. How Do You Decide If an NYC CollegeIs Right for You? If you've never been to New York City, you should try to visit before committing to attend a college in NYC.New York is such a unique place, and it’s hard to determine if you’d enjoy living there for 4-6 years without ever having visited. Check out some of the different neighborhoods and the colleges there that interest you to get a feel for the city and what it would be like to go to school there. If you love New York when you visit, then going to college there may be a good option for you. Keep in mind, though, that even if you enjoy a visit to New York City, it doesn't necessarily mean that you would enjoy living there. If you visit, try to imagine spending years there going through day-to-day activities to help determine if going to college there would be a good decision for you. Also, take note of the specific locations of different NYC colleges. Each neighborhood within New York City has its own personality and offers a slightly different environment. Remember that you’re deciding on a college, and the location should only be one factor in your college search. You should also consider other factors in a college like the cost, its academic reputation, and the majors offered. Try to find the school that’s the best fit for you. Use guidebooks, search websites, and college finders to help you in the college selection process. I believe that going to college in New York City is a great option for students who enjoy urban environments and thrive on the activity in a big city setting.Consider the benefits and disadvantages of attending college in New York City. Do the pros outweigh the cons for you? If so, then you may want to attend college in The Big Apple. Michael Pick/Flickr What's Next? Maybe you're thinkingthe colleges in NYC aren't right for you after all. Check out our guide to the differenttypes of locations to determine if you might be happier at a suburban or rural school. Regardless of where you decide you want to go to college, make sure you're familiar with the application process and know how to apply. Also, learn strategies for the common application essay prompts. Finally, check out this post on how to write about extracurriculars on your college applications. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Threats to the Global Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Threats to the Global Security - Essay Example As the research declares the major world super powers (United Kingdom, Germany, France, China, Russia and the United States) followed a two-track policy that encouraged Iran to take part in the diplomatic negotiations as they continuously impose comprehensive sanctions a gains energy and financial sectors in Iran. Both the U.S and Israel encouraged the imposition of the sanctions and the search of the diplomatic resolutions as they give serious warning that there will be limited time for the policies and that all the available options for example military actions had only to be put on the table for discussions. According to the report findings nuclear -armed Iranian military in most cases posed a lot of threat to the Americas closest allies who were mostly in the Middle East. Israel on the other hand was also at great security risks as most of the leaders from the Iran continuously declared a war of trying to wipe out the Israel from the global map. Close allies of America like the Saudi Arabia had already been alarmed of the Iran’s aggressive policy thereby increasing their feeling bout threat by the Iran. For a very long period of time Middle East remained a significant source of the energy that was used in the U.S and the whole world . And for this reason, a nuclear-armed Iran sparked a nuclear arms race in the better part of the Middle East that for a very long time destabilize the volatile and vital region.

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example It is expected that not any kind of people, but only a few with certain work personalities can become effective in particular kinds of jobs. This fact about employee types is attributed to five major personality types or characteristics found to be predominant among workers, namely: extroversion/introversion; emotional stability/instability; agreeableness/hostility; conscientiousness/heedlessness; and open-mindedness/closed-mindedness (Barrick and Mount, 1991). Depending on the line of work, there may be observed imbalances between the levels of each personality type, and this accounts for the predominating personality type among individuals in a particular work setting, which in turn dictates their success or failure in particular work settings or careers. ... ality types in each individual could affect the relative success or failure in each kind of job or work, thus it is important that aside from knowing the personal strengths and weaknesses of each individual, it is also relevant that the company’s goals be clear and concise enough to be understood (Bruck and Allen, 2003). With this in mind, the workplace must be able to create an environment that cultivates the individual’s skills in various levels and areas while at the same time relying on each person’s predominating work personality type. Different personality types go well with certain kinds of work. Person-job (PJ) fitting and person-organisation (PO) fitting has been used to assess what kind of work would make particular types of people excel, as well as predicting those that may prove to be difficult for them (Ryan and Kristof-Brown, 2003). People rating high in extroversion levels are reported to be suitable to careers with greater public exposure such as sales, those which rate high in emotional stability are more suited to law-enforcement work lie in security or police work, conscientiousness is linked with meticulous and detailed work such as engineering and architecture, agreeableness goes well with public service work such as foundations or public health work, and openness is one trait that is lauded in the academics or in research work (Mullins, 2005; Touze, 2005). When the PJ or the PO rating is good, this implies that the person is able to reconcile personal beliefs, attitudes and work goals with the organisation’s own objectives, which increases the person’s chances of staying in the organisation and achieving personal satisfaction. However, when the PJ or PO rating is bad or low, chances are that the individual’s personal preferences simply

Algorithms for pre-processing and processing stages of x-ray images

Algorithms for pre-processing and processing stages of x-ray images 1.1 Introduction This chapter presents algorithms for pre-processing and processing stages of both cervical and lumbar vertebrae x-ray images. Pre-processing stage here is the process of locating and enhancement the spine regionof interestin the x-ray image, where the processing stage includes the shape boundary representation and segmentation algorithms based feature vectors extraction and morphometric measurement. In this research the spine vertebrae are introduced and the objectives of segmentation algorithm are discussed. Then various general segmentation approaches including those based on the shape boundary extraction are discussed and applied to our spinal x-ray image collection. The current approach is introduced with a flow diagram and then the individual blocks of the segmentation process are taken up and discussed in detail. 1.2 Image Acquisition A digital archive of 17,000 cervical and lumbar spine x-ray images from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) is maintained by the Lister Hill National Center of Biomedical Communications in the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Among these 17,000 images, approximately 10,000 are cervical spine x-rays and 7,000 are lumbar x-rays. Text data (including gender, age, symptom, etc.) are associated with each image. This collection has long been suggested to be very valuable for research into the prevalence of osteoarthritis and musculoskeletal diseases. It is a goal of intramural researchers to develop a biomedical information resource useful to medical researchers and educators. Figure 3.1 shows two sample images from the database. Spine x-ray images generally have low contrast and poor image quality. They do not provide meaningful information in terms of texture or color. Pathologies found on these spine x-ray images that are of interest to the medical researchers are generally expressed along the vertebral boundary. (a) (b) 1.3 Proposed segmentation scheme The proposed process main stages scheme shown at Figure3.2, followed by a details review of the used methods applied to our spinal images and can be listed as follow: a. Pre-processing stage include image acquisition, region localization (RL) and region localization enhancement. b. Shape boundary representation and segmentation stage; include active shape model (ASM) segmentation based on two shape boundary representation 9-anatomical points and b-spline representation. c. Feature extraction stage; include feature extraction based shape feature vector and morphometric measurement-invariant features for indexing. d. Classification and similarity matching stage; include feature models classifier and similarity matching for diagnosis and retrieval 1.4 Pre-processingstage 1.4.1 Spineregion localization Region localization (RL) refers to the estimation of boundaries within the image that enclose objects of interest at a coarse level of precision. RL is important for assisting human experts in rapid image display and review (independent of its use in initializing a segmentation process). For example, with an algorithm that can rapidly, and with high probability identify the spine region with a marked line passing, this region of interest can be automatically zoomed on the display even though the location and orientation of the spine may vary appreciably in these images. This algorithm assumes that a line passing through the maximum amount of bone structure in the image will lie over a large part of the spine area, given a line passing through the image; Figure 3.3 shows the region localization (RL) selection of both cervical and lumbar images. (a) (b) 1.4.2 Enhancement approach Image enhancement is significant part of AVFAS recognition systems. Changes in lighting conditions produces dramatically decrease of recognition performance, if an image is low contrast and dark, we wish to improve its contrast and brightness. The widespread histogram equalization cannot correctly improve all parts of the image. When the original image is irregularly illuminated, some details on resulting image will remain too bright or too dark. Typically, digitized x-ray images are corrupted by additive noise and de-noising can improve the visibility of some structures in medical x-ray images, thus improving the performance of computer assisted segmentation algorithms. However, image enhancement algorithms generally amplify noise [17, 18]. Therefore, higher de-noising performance is important in obtaining images with high visual quality for that reason different enhancement techniques was implemented i. Adaptive histogram-based equalization ( Filter 1) Adaptive histogram-based equalization (AHE) can be applied to aid in the viewing of key cervical and lumbar vertebrae features, and its an excellent contrast enhancement method for medical image and other initially no visual images. In medical imaging its automatic operation and effective presentation of all contrast available in the image data make it a competitor of the standard contrast enhancement methods. The goal of using adaptive histogram equalization is to obtain a uniform histogram for the output image, so that an optimal overall contrast is perceived. However, the feature of interest in an image might need enhancement locally. Adaptive Histogram Equalization (AHE) computes the histogram of a local window centred at a given pixel to determine the mapping for that pixel, which provides a local contrast enhancement. However, the enhancement is so strong that two major problems can arise: noise amplification in flat regions of the image and ring artifacts at strong edges [12, 13]. Histogram equalization maps the input images intensity values so that the histogram of the resulting image will have an approximately uniform distribution [9-11].The histogram of a digital image with gray levels in the range [0, L-1] is a discrete function Where is the gray level, is the number of pixels in the image with that gray level, is the total number of pixels in the image, and k =0, 1, 2 L-1, basically gives an estimate of the probability of occurrence of gray level The local contrast of the object in the image is increased by applied histogram equalization, especially when the applied data of the image is represented by close contrast values. Through this adjustment the intensity can be better distributed on the histogram, this allows for areas of lower local contrast to gain a higher contrast without affecting the global contrast. (a) (b) ii. Adaptive contrast enhancement The idea is to enhance contrast locally analyzing local grey differences taking into account mean grey level. First we apply local adaptive contrast enhancement. Parameters are set to amplify local features and diminish mean brightness in order to obtain more contrast resulting image. After that we apply histogram equalization. Adaptive gamma value Gamma correction Gamma correction operation performs nonlinear brightness adjustment. Brightness for darker pixels is increased, but it is almost the same for bright pixels. As result more details are visible. 1.5 Shape boundary segmentation Shape boundary segmentation presented at this work is a hierarchical segmentation algorithm tailored to the segmentation of cervical and lumbar vertebrae in digitized x-ray images. The algorithm employs the both shape boundary representation schemes, 9-anatomical points representation (9-APR) and B-spline representation (B-SR) to obtain a suitable initialization for segmentation stage that utilize active shape models (ASMs) proposed by Cootes et al. The advantage of using ASMs in medical image segmentation applications is that rather than creating models that are purely data driven, ASMs gain a priori knowledge through a thorough observation of the shape variation across a training set. 1.5.1 Shape boundary representation Shape is an important characteristic for describing pertinent pathologies in various types of medical image and its a particular challenges regarding vertebra boundary segmentation in spine x-ray images. It was realized that the shape representation method would need to serve the dual purpose of providing a rich description of the vertebra shape while being acceptable to the end user community consisting of medical professionals. In order to model the spinal vertebra shape we presented by term of set points chosen to place point around the boundary , this must be done for each shape at training stage and the labelling point its important. Two schemes list has been used at this stage to determine a vertebra boundary shape in terms of list points i. 9-anatomical point representation (9-APR) We obtained segmentation data created by medical expertise at an early state of our segmentation work; the purpose of this task was to acquire reference data as a guideline for validating vertebrae segmentation algorithms. These data consisted of (x, y) coordinates for specific geometric locations on the vertebrae; a maximum of 9-anatomical points representation (9-APR) assigned and marked by board certificate radiologist that is indicative of the pathology found to be consistently and reliably detectable per vertebra were collected . Figure 3.7 shows below the points were placed manually on each vertebrae and which is the interest to medical researchers. Points 1, 3, 4, and 6 are indicative of the four corners of the vertebral body as seen in a projective sagittal view. Points 4 and 3 mark the upper and lower posterior corners of the vertebra, respectively; Points 6 and 1 mark the upper and lower anterior corners of the vertebra, respectively. Points 5 and 2 are the median along the upper and lower vertebra edge in the sagittal view; Point 8 is the median along the anterior vertical edge of the vertebra in the sagittal view. Note that Points 7 and 9 mark the upper and lower anterior osteophytes, so if osteophyte(s) are not present on the vertebra, then these points (7-9) coincide with points 6 and 1, respectively. ii. B-spline representation (B-SR) Representation of curves using piecewise polynomial interpolation to obtain curves is widely used in computer graphics .B-spline are piecewise polynomial curves whose shape is closely related to their control polygon a chain of vertices giving a polygonal representation of curves. B-splines of the third order are most common because this is the lowest order which includes the changes of curvatures. The Advantage of using B-spline techniques at this research is to enhance the 9-anatomical points, B-spline curves require more information (i.e., the degree of the curve and a knot vector) and a more complex theory than Bà ©zier curves. But, it has more advantages to offset this shortcoming. * B-spline curve can be a Bà ©zier curve. * B-spline curves satisfy all important properties that Bà ©zier curves have. * B-spline curves provide more control flexibility than Bà ©zier curves can do. * The degree of a B-spline curve is separated from the number of control points. More precisely [ReF]. We can use lower degree curves and still maintain a large number of control points and also we can change the position of a control point without globally changing the shape of the whole curve (local modification property). Since B-spline curves satisfy the strong convex hull property, they have a finer shape control. Moreover, there are other techniques for designing and editing the shape of a curve such as changing knots. B-spline is a generalization of the Bezier curve [Ref] , let a vector known as the knot vector be defined, Where, is a no decreasing sequence with and define control points, Define the degree as ,The knots are called internal knots. 1.5.2 Modelling Shape Variations In ASM, an object shape is represented by a set of landmark points and requires a good initialization of an objects pose in an image (i.e., location, size, and angle of rotation); therefore, we used the two schemes representation (9-APR B-SR) in our proposed segmentation technique to create this initialization. Several instances of the same object class are included in a training set and in order to model the variations we need to align the set of shapes. i. Training set In order to build a model that is flexible enough to cover the most typical variations of vertebrae, a sufficiently large training set has to be used. For the purpose of the investigation reported in this work, we locate the shape (by eye) and its important that the two schemes representations are accurately located and that there is an exact correspondence between labels in different instances of training shapes. In this research a set of 1100 vertebra for both cervical (400 vertebral) and lumbar (710 vertebra) has been used. ii. Aligning trainshapes The model that will be used to describe a shape and its typical appearances is based on the variations of the spatial position of each landmark point within the training set. Each point will thus have a certain distribution in the image space and therefore the shape model is being referred to as a Point Distribution Model (PDM). In order to obtain the PDM, we use the two shape representation, to align the shapes, and finally, to summarize the landmark variations in a compact form. In what follows, these steps are being described in some detail. We achieve the required alignment by scaling, rotating and translating the training shapes so that they correspond as closely as possible. 1.7 Shape boundary Indexing The shape analysis described here is related to the statistical analysis of vertebrae shapes to shape similarity matching and recognition. Three schemes of shape analysis implemented at this stage. First scheme is the shape analysis based feature vectors extraction includes statistical shape feature (SSF) and Gabor wavelets features (GWF). Second scheme is the shape analysis based morphometric measurement based angles measurement index (AMI) and intra-bone ratio measurement (IBRM). Last is the analysis based similarity matching, the index output result from each analysis will be considered as input to the classifier systems those schemes outlined are described below. Feature vector is an n-dimensional vector of numerical features represents object shape. Statistical models captured from active shape model, Gabor wavelets filter bank require a numerical representation of vertebrae shape based on both boundary shape representation (9-anatomical point model ,B-spline curve), since such representations facilitate processing and statistical analysis. Figure below shows schematic pattern recognition system based feature vectors. 1.7.1 Statistical shapefeatures(SSF) Each vertebral in the training set, when aligned can be represented by a single points in 2n dimensional space (eq2).Thus a set of N example shapes gives base on each shape boundary representation cloud of N point in this 2n dimensional space. We assume that these points lie within some region of the space which call the Allowed Shape Domain and that the points give an indication of the shape and size of this region. Every 2n-D point within this domain gives a set of landmarks whose shape is broadly similar to that of those in the original training set. Thus by moving about the Allowable shape domain we can generate new shapes in systematic way .The approach given below attempts to model the shape of this cloud in high dimensional space and hence to capture the relationship between the positions of the individual landmark points. 1.7.2 Gabor wavelets features(GWF) The objectives of this stage is to explore the feasibility of using Gabor wavelet-constructed spatial filters to extract feature-based vector from shape boundary consisting of cervical and lumbar vertebrae, and to use these extracted feature vectors to train and test with different classifier. To evaluate the robustness of the method, so many analysis based filter and mask size was experimented to select the suitable Gabor mask that will be convolute with the two vertebra shape boundary extracted. In order to briefly describe Gabor wavelets and provide a rationale for this stage of work, the Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) and Gabor Transform need to be explained first. The Fourier transform is a fundamental tool of classical signal analysis. i. Gabor wavelets filter bank The Gabor wavelet function used in this research for AOs feature extraction was same as Naghdy (1996) used and was defined. Where: the different choices of frequency j and orientation constructed a set of filters. ii. Filter frequency and mask size analysis As the frequency of the sinusoid changes, the window size will be changed. (Fig. 3.28, 3.29, 3.30 and 3.32) shows real and imaginary parts of eight two-dimensional wavelets filters. When j is changed from 1 to 4, the sinusoid frequency is reduced whereas the Gaussian window size increases. In comparison, for the Gabor transform, Gaussin window size will remain same. iii. Convolution vertebral region with the filter bank The elementary Gabor wavelet functions were used to construct spatial domain filters, Each filter was made of a pair of filters, which were the real and imaginary part of the complex sinusoid. These pair was convolved with the green channel signal of texture image separately. The reason of choosing the green channel to do convolution was that the green channel was found to have the best texture quality, which means the best contrast level between plants and soil, among red, blue and MExG channels. This scenario is absolutely sensor dependent and may not be the case for other sensors. For one frequency level, the filtering output was the modulation of the average of the convolution output from real and imaginary filter masks on all convolved pixels in the green channel image, which was computed. iv. Gabor wavelets filer bank block diagram 1.8 Shape boundary morphometric measurement 1.8.1 Morphometric measurement-invariant features For efficient image retrieval, it is important that the pathological features of interest be detected with high accuracy. In this stage of Automatic Vertebral Fracture Assessment System techniques, new morphometric measurement-invariant features were investigated for the detection of anterior osteophytes, including lumbar and cervical vertebrae. The goal in this stage of work is to investigate a measurement algorithm for high accuracy and avoid the complex calculation. Two approaches morphometric measurement-invariant features were developed based: 1) Angles invariant features (A-IF) 2) Intra-distance ratio invariant features (ID-IF) The results of this morphometric extraction geometries calculation will produce a signal of two index based on angle and distance measurement that can be used to distinguish between the anterior osteoporosis classes and their severity implemented as input for classifier algorithm. Figure below show the block diagram of the shape analyses based morphometric technique. Stage 1: AOs detection Two classification schemes for anterior osteophytes were established by a medical expert to evaluate the accuracy of the PSM algorithm. The first is Macnabs classification, established by Macnab and his coworkers in 1956 on radiological and pathological bases [6, 7].Two types of osteophytes are adapted from Macnabs classification: claw and traction, as shown in Figure 1. Their visual characteristics are: 1. Claw spur rises from the vertebral rim and curves toward the adjacent disk. It is often triangular in shape and curved at the tips. 2. Traction spur protrudes horizontally, is moderately thick, does not curve at the tips, and never extends across the intervertebral disk space. The second classification is a grading system which was defined by the medical expert consistent with reasonable criteria for assigning severity levels to anterior osteophytes (AO). Three grades of AO are slight, moderate, and severe, also shown in Table 1. Their visual characteristics are: 1. Slight grade includes normal, where the corner angles on the vertebral boundary are approximately right angles. It may have a slight protuberance, where the tip of the osteophyte is round and no narrowing is observed at the base of the protuberance. 2. Moderate grade is characterized by evident protuberance from the ideal horizontal or vertical edge of the vertebra. The bounding edges of the AO form an angle of at least 45 degrees and the osteophyte has a relatively wider base than severe grade. 3. Severe grade is characterized by presence of hook, the angle is less than 45 degrees and has a narrow base, or protrudes far (about 1/3 of the length of the horizontal border) from the normal (ideal 90 degree) vertebral corner. Angles invariant features (A-IF) We explore three main angles for measurement that make sense of difference between the AO classes from the 9-anatomical landmarks model. Shape below show the angle of interest selected that will be used next as input for our classifier system to make decision (a) Turning Angle (b) Intra-Distance Across the Shape Turn Angle (TA) To capture the characteristics of shape in local regions, we use two different features. The first is Turn Angle (TA). Turn Angle is also called Turning Angle or Bent Angle. It is defined as follows [3]: if the points on the polygon are ordered in the counterclockwise direction, and the polygon is traversed in this direction, the Turn Angle is the angle between the direction vector for the current polygon segment and the next one; the sense of the Turn Angle is calculated such that a clockwise turn gives a negative angle whereas a counterclockwise turn gives a positive angle. Figure 3 (a) shows an example. For an arbitrary shape, the Turn Angle feature could be calculated from the approximating polygon for that shape. Turn Angle for a polygon with n vertices is simply a vector in Rn . For example, if the vertebra is represented as a polygon with 72 vertices (our sparse representation), the Turn Angle is a 72-element vector. If the polygon has the concept of an initial vertex, similarity computation is straightforward, e.g., with a Euclidean metric. If there is no initial vertex, similarity between two shapes may be computed by a combinatorial comparison of distances between possibly-matching sets of vertices. This computation may be optimized by dynamic programming. Intra-distance ratio invariant features (ID-IF) Distance across the shape [4] is another local shape feature. DAS is defined, for each vertex P in a polygon, as the length of the angle bisector at P, measured as the line segment from P to the intersecting side of the polygon. For Example, the interior bisector of angle à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  P2P3P4 in the figure 3 (b) intersects the contour at point I3. The length of P3I3 is the DAS at point P3. If the bisector intersects the shape multiple times, the distance to the closest intersection is used. Similarly as for turn angle, if we represent the vertebra shape as a polygon with 72 sample points, the DAS feature may be calculated on those 72 points. Where, V: is called as vertical angle calculated between the points 7-8-9 H: is called as horizontal angle calculated between the points 1-2-3 C: is called as corner angle calculated between the points 8-9-1 Angle formula calculation between these three points coordinates as follow 1.9 Operation Step 1: Calculate the Horizontal angle and this calculation based on the Step 2: Calculate the Horizontal angle and this calculation based on the Step 3: Calculate the Horizontal angle and this calculation based on the Step 4: build the rule base and evaluate the result by visual inspection Intra-Distance ratio Measurement (I-DRM) Inter-bone ration is another morphometric measurement issue, it was explored based on the shape distance here we focused Where, : Represents the distance posterior height calculated between the points 3-4 : Represents the distance medial height calculated between the points 5-2 : Represents the distance interior height calculated between the points 1-6 : Represents the distance calculated between the points 8-mp, where mp Midpoint between the points 3-4, the Midpoint (mp) coordinates calculation formula as the following: With; (, ) is the point 3 coordinate, (,) is the point 4 coordinate Given the two points (, ) and (,), the distance between these points is given by the formula: The normal vertebra was estimated to have the following ratio distance Distance () =Distance () =Distance () Base on this estimation by expert radiologist we develop another rule base decision system that can work properly to and true classify the normal and abnormal and bone The criteria of the X= Stage 2: AOsLocation Detection of the Ao position conduct us to determine the location either upper or lower AO a) b) The position of the AO is determined by sample way calculation based of angles too Stage 3: Disc space narrowing (DSN) Stage 4 Stage 5:Subluxation/Spondylolisthesis Segmentation and Pre-processing The vertebra shapes were segmented using an active contours method modified to constrain evolving contour points to follow orthogonal curves [18], to avoid convergence to a self-intersecting solution contour at vertebra corners [9]. The solution contours have 36 points. Nine of these 36 points were distinguished as geometrical or anatomical reference points, with relative locations that are approximately constant across the veterbra shapes. The nine points, shown in Figure 2 were either manually marked by experts, or extracted automatically or semi-automatically by specialized algorithms [9]. For the current work, we preprocess these segmented shapes by curve smoothing (to reduce noise), fitting (for smoothness), interpolation, and re-sampling (for larger number of evenly distributed points) to obtain the final shape contour description. The curve fitting and interpolation are done with the natural cubic spline algorithm. Then the shape contour is resampled by equal arc length sampling. Finally, the vertebra whole shape is represented by two boundary point sets with different resolutions. The dense sampling set contains 180 points, and the superior and the inferior anterior corners are represented by 60 points, respectively. The sparse sampling set contains 72 points, with the superior and the inferior anterior corners represented by 25 points, respectively.